子谦译文｜创业教什么：六种主流创业方法的比较(35)

第一个概念层面是，创业方法将创业者在其当前或未来情况下所面临的不确定性概念化的方式，而这也是创业者创业过程中的一部分，因为对未来结果的看法对于如何管理不确定性有着重要的意义。除了设计思维和商业规划之外，其他方法也或明或暗地涉及到不确定性的概念，并将其示为与其他方法相关的主要原因之一，同时也提出了管理或减少不确定性的方法。然而，“不确定性”一词的含义主要有三个方面的不同。第一个含义与效果逻辑有关，它认为，不确定性是本体论的，也就是说，原则上未来是不可知的，因此，未来是由“演员”以不可预测的方式共同创造的；第二个含义在发现性驱动性计划和规范性创业中可以看到，它将不确定性拟定为认识论，也就是说，可以通过信息收集策略来了解未来，在这方面，创业者可以通过扩大他们的知识基础来缓解不确定性；第三个含义体现在精益创业中，它提出了一种更含蓄、更通俗的含义，合并了诸如歧义和风险等概念，它与认识论的不确定性最为相似，它认为不确定性的减少取决于收集信息的必要性。
4.2Resource management 资源管理
The second conceptual dimension is concerned with how to use existing resources and acquire new ones through various strategies. Scarce resources play an important and integral role in any entrepreneurial process (Ozdemir et al. 2016; Baker and Nelson 2005), and entrepreneurial methods often provide recommendations for acquiring and managing resources. Depending on the over arching logic of the entrepreneur methods, different standpoints are taken. Effectuation emphasizes the dynamic nature of the resources at hand by focusing attention on two issues: entrepreneurs should rely only on resources they are willing to lose, and self-selected stakeholders should be given the opportunity to (re)shape the future of the venture in exchange for committing resources (Dew et al. 2009). While discovery-driven planning grants more prominence to resources than business planning, they both offer guidance on how existing resources should be allocated (McGrath and MacMillan 2000; Shane and Delmar 2003). Yet, neither method suggests strategies for how to acquire these new resources. Within design thinking, there do not appear to be recommendations around resource management. Prescriptive entrepreneurship discusses resources primarily as information about the possible discovered opportunities and provides ways to acquire new ones (Fiet 2007). Finally, the lean startup methodology cautions that frugality must be exercised in initial tests of the venture idea, before the commitment of any major resources. Here, ideas around the scarcity of resources crystallize into the forewarning to fail early and fast (Khanna et al. 2016).