子谦译文｜创业教什么：六种主流创业理论的对比研究(2)

摘要：创业者和学生对创业行为的明确指导越来越感兴趣，因此越来越多的学者和从业者都通过提出各种创业方法来回应这一需求，不过这也导致了一些缺乏严谨性和相关性的方法的比率的激增。为了组织和明确创业方法的范围和多样性，本文从九个概念维度比较了效果逻辑理论与其他五种不同的创业方法。通过应用两个概念框架，突出每种方法的核心基础，除了揭示这些方法之间的异同外，还研究确定了一些理论、实践、政策和教育的关键含义。理论上，效果逻辑理论的优势可以用来发展其他创业方法，反过来，其他创业方法的优势也可以用来弥补它的潜在弱点， 例如缺乏行为策略和在创业发展的后期阶段的有限适用性。因此，本文的发现可以帮助创业者和从业者改进他们的方法，并为发展创业方法开辟新的途径。
Keywords :Entrepreneurial methods. Prescriptive theories. Effectuation. Comparison . Rigor and relevance
关键词： 创业方法 规范性理论 效果逻辑理论 严谨性和相关性

Introduction引言
Prescriptive methods have recently attracted considerable interest in the field of entrepreneurship (Jones and Penaluna 2013). Methods are principles of thought and action that guide the theoretical and practical aspects of human action (cf. Neck and Greene 2011; Mansoori 2017; Romme and Endenburg 2006). A main sourceof prescriptions for entrepreneurs is the widespread scholarly effort to empirically describe and categorize entrepreneurial processes (cf. Romme 2016) and then to transform the results into prescriptive methods (Denyeret al. 2008) for how entrepreneurs should reason and behavein order to create value. A prominent example of an entrepreneurial method is effectuation, presented as a set of heuristics any entrepreneur could use to develop a new venture in the face of uncertainty (Sarasvathy 2001). Another main source of prescriptions for entrepreneurs stems from expert entrepreneurs themselves, who have distilled their personal and idiosyncratic experiences into relatively coherent prescriptive advice. A widespread example is the lean startup methodology, Prescribing that entrepreneurs formulate and test venture hypotheses through interacting with customers (Ries 2011).