子谦译文｜创业教什么：六种主流创业理论的对比研究(35)

第一个概念维度说明了创业方法是如何概念化创业者在当前或未来的情况中所面临的内在不确定性，这些不确定性是他们创业结果的一部分，而对未来结果的看法对于如何管理不确定性有着重要的意义。除了设计思维和商业规划之外，其他方法也或明或暗地涉及到不确定性的概念，将并其作为其处方相关性的主要原因之一，提出了管理或减少它的方法。然而，“不确定性”的一词含义在路径上三个主要分歧。第一个含义与效果逻辑理论有关，其中不确定性是本体论的，也就是说，原则上未来是不可知的，因此，未来是由表演者以不可预测的方式共同创造的。第二个含义是在发现驱动型计划和规范式创业中看到的，将不确定性描述为认识论，也就是说，未来是可以通过信息收集策略了解的，在这方面，创业者可以通过扩大他们的知识基础来缓解不确定性。第三个含义体现在精益创业中，它提出了一种更含蓄、更通俗的含义，包含了诸如歧义和风险等概念，与认识论的不确定性最为相似，其不确定性的减少取决于收集信息的必要性。
4.2Resource management 资源管理
The second conceptual dimension is concerned with how to use existing resources and acquire new ones through various strategies. Scarce resources play an important and integral role in any entrepreneurial process (Ozdemir et al. 2016; Baker and Nelson 2005), and entrepreneurial methods often provide recommendations for acquiring and managing resources. Depending on the over arching logic of the entrepreneur methods, different standpoints are taken. Effectuation emphasizes the dynamic nature of the resources at hand by focusing attention on two issues: entrepreneurs should rely only on resources they are willing to lose, and self-selected stakeholders should be given the opportunity to (re)shape the future of the venture in exchange for committing resources (Dew et al. 2009). While discovery-driven planning grants more prominence to resources than business planning, they both offer guidance on how existing resources should be allocated (McGrath and MacMillan 2000; Shane and Delmar 2003). Yet, neither method suggests strategies for how to acquire these new resources. Within design thinking, there do not appear to be recommendations around resource management. Prescriptive entrepreneurship discusses resources primarily as information about the possible discovered opportunities and provides ways to acquire new ones (Fiet 2007). Finally, the lean startup methodology cautions that frugality must be exercised in initial tests of the venture idea, before the commitment of any major resources. Here, ideas around the scarcity of resources crystallize into the forewarning to fail early and fast (Khanna et al. 2016).