子谦译文｜创业教什么：六种主流创业理论的对比研究(36)

第二个概念维度是关于如何利用现有资源，并通过各种策略再次获取新资源。稀缺资源在创业过程的任何阶段都发挥着重要和不可或缺的作用，而创业方法通常会提供获取和管理资源的建议。根据创业方法的总体逻辑，提出了不同的立场，而效果逻辑理论强调手头的资源的动态性，要将注意力集中到两个问题上：创业者应该依赖他们愿意失去的资源，自我选择的利益相关者应该有机会重新塑造企业的未来，以换取承诺的资源。虽然发现驱动型规划方法比商业规划更重视资源，但它们都提供了如何分配现有资源的指导。然而，这两种方法都没有提出获取这些新资源的策略。在设计思维中，似乎没有关于资源管理的建议。规范性创业方法主要是将资源作为可能发现的机会的信息来讨论，并提供获取新机会的方法。最后，精益创业提醒我们，在投入任何主要资源之前，必须在对创业理念进行初步测试保持节俭。
在这里，关于资源稀缺的想法逐渐明确为早期和快速失效的预警。
4.3Knowledge expansion 知识拓展
The third conceptual dimension relates to activities aiming to expand the knowledge base beyond the level of personal and general knowledge an entrepreneur possesses at any given time in an entrepreneurial process. Knowledge plays an important role in entrepreneurship (Tang et al. 2012), and its importance is highlighted in most of the entrepreneurial methods. Except for business planning, in which the role of knowledge is more illustrative and representational,the other methods emphasize leveraging current personal and general knowledge in order to expand the repository of one’s own knowledge. Effectuation and prescriptive entrepreneurship strongly emphasize personal knowledge as the starting point (Fiet 2008; Sarasvathy 2001), whereas other methods stress the importance of expanding the general knowledge base, regardless of its origin. A key observable difference between the methods has to do with ideas about how knowledge should be expanded (cf. Lundvall1992).In effectuation, knowledge is expanded primarily when stakeholders in possession of newknowledge join the network, whereas in prescriptive entrepreneurship, the lean startup methodology, and design thinking, knowledge is expanded through carefully designed information gathering activities. These differences mirror the previously observed differences in conceptualizations of uncertainty management, suggesting a strong link between the acquisition of knowledge and the ability to manage uncertainty.