子谦译文｜创业教什么：六种主流创业理论的对比研究(8)

then” propositions, prescriptive theories come in the active form of “in order to …do this^”(Argyris and Schn 1974).
规范性理论帮助人们决定在特定的环境下该做什么以及如何思考，它的一个重要特征是旨在影响和改变实际人群的行为。因此，它们通常包括诸如“为了在条件C下达到结果O，就得做A”之类的命题，以提高人类判断和决策的质量。规范性理论常因其实用价值而受到赞赏，因为它们可以帮助个人在实践中脱颖而出。描述性理论以“如果……那么”命题的被动形式出现，而规范性理论通常以“为了……做这个”的主动形式出现。
2.2Methods as prescriptive theories of action
规范性行为理论的方法
In everyday as well as scientific language, a number of terms and their synonyms have been used to discuss prescriptive theories of action. Some examples are heuristics (Baker and Nelson 2005; Sarasvathy 2001), guidelines (Sull 2004), principles (Ries 2011), approach and techniques (McGrath and MacMillan 1995), framework (Blankand Dorf 2012), practice (Dean and Bowen 1994), process and procedure (Ackoff 1981), model (Fiet 2007), and method (Brown 2008; Ries 2011; Sarasvathy and Venkataraman 2011). For the sake of clarity, the term “method” will be used from this point going forward to address prescriptive theories of action. The term “method” was also chosen because of its ubiquity in academic circles and the fact that it connotes the guiding of actions, giving it both theoretical and practical relevance, and allowing it to function as a unifying term. Although the term “method”is common both in everyday life and scientific discourse, the many different definitions of the term can create confusion and hamper effective communication, warranting the establishment of a clear definition (D’Abate et al. 2003).