子谦译文｜创业教什么：六种主流创业方法的比较(56)

在一个成熟的企业中，除非在非常特殊的情况下，否则重新定向不是一个可以负担得起和理想的选择，而商业计划就是比较适合这个阶段的方法。这种方法很少甚至不强调重新定向、持续性学习和持续知识扩展(见表2)。相反，它是在创业之前或具体实施之前就已经按照预定的时间将已知的信息转化为计划。商业计划的重点是执行起初就已经确定的目标，所有的活动都是为了进一步朝着这个目标前进，它强调必须仔细规划和尽可能避免改变方向。可能是因为有一种隐含的假设，即成熟企业的投资损失是最昂贵的，所以这一点在后期风险投资也得到了证明：风险投资家在投入大量资金之前通常会要求评估公司的商业计划。
The key differences that this venture phase observation makes explicit are illustrated in a polar chart in Fig. 4. This chart shows an evaluation of the six entrepreneurial methods in terms of a core, explicit, implicit, or no focus on redirection, based on Table 2 and Fig. 2. A key implication here is that the choice of entrepreneurial method is highly contingent upon the phase of the venture. Existing venture phase models articulated in extant literature could then perhaps be applied when deciding which entrepreneurial method is appropriate to use (e.g., Clarysse and Moray 2004; Hanks et al. 1994; Levie and Lichtenstein 2010). This has also been tentatively proposed recently (Reymen et al. 2015), building on a four-phase model consisting of idea phase, prestartup phase, startup phase, and post startup phase (Clarysse and Moray 2004). In this case, effectuation could then be positioned as useful primarily in the idea and pre-startup phases, design thinking and the lean startup methodology could be useful primarily in the pre-startup and startup phases, and discovery-driven planning and business planning could be useful primarily in the startup and post startup phases. This, however, must be viewed as a tentative proposition. No empirical research has yet been conducted on covariance between venture age, size, and growth rate, on the one hand, and multiple entrepreneurial methods used successfully, on the other hand. Venture phase models can also be misleading, resting on a false assumption that entrepreneurship is a linear and predetermined journey of growth (Levie and Lichtenstein 2010). Further, some entrepreneurial methods are opposing the claim implicit in phase models that entrepreneurial processes are linear (e.g., Blank and Dorf 2012: 32).