子谦译文｜创业教什么：六种主流创业理论的对比研究(22)

发现驱动计划是一种将商业计划与通过揭示关键发现的一系列步骤进行学习相结合的方法。在逻辑的最高层次上，发现驱动的规划假设，不确定性可以通过“系统地将假设转换为知识，并在面对新的理解时重新定向其活动”来减少。发现驱动规划的支持者认为，虽然传统的规划方法在某些情况下是有用的，但在高度不确定性的情况下它们可能是无用的，甚至会导致灾难性的后果，这个失调的结果很大程度上是由于依赖于未经检验的假设而导致的。因此，为了管理这种不确定性，在模型的中层，发现驱动的计划提供了六个方面的指导原则：(1)构建理想的商业思想；(2)对承诺的成功结果的参数进行基准检验；(3)通过规定相关的组织可交付成果，对业务进行战略转换；(4)记录、检验和访问以前持有的或新形成的假设；(5)管理关键里程碑事件，以反映已采取的行动，并规划后续里程碑；
(6)在主要假设得到验证之前，用最少的资源找到最有创造性的方法来运营。在最低层次的战略，工具和技术，如反向收益表，有针对性的实验，和假设检查表提供。
Prescriptive entrepreneurship comprises a set of research-based guidelines outlining what entrepreneursshould do in order to improve their odds of success in wealth creation (Fiet2008). On the higher level of logic, prescriptive entrepreneurship’s rationale is that “entrepreneurial discovery depends on a fit between an entrepreneur’s prior, specific knowledge, and a particular venture idea, which may be discovered Systematically”(Fiet 2008, p. 190). Grounded in Bayesian learning, prescriptive entrepreneurship posits that entrepreneurs are only able to discover venture ideas that correspond to their “epistemic structure” (Fiet 2008, p. 26). Therefore, entrepreneurs should begin by systematically focusing on constrained prior experience, in other words on their acquired generaland specific knowledge. In this context, “systematic”refers to how entrepreneurs “predetermine, based on their specific knowledge, how to search" (Fiet et al. 2013, p. 894) and “constrained” refers to the idea that entrepreneurs might derive more benefit from limiting searches to familiar information channels as opposed to the unbound scanning of the alertness perspective (cf.Kirzner 1997). On the middle level of model, Fiet(2008) highlighted five steps for a prescriptive model: (1) introspection about prior, specific, and general knowledge; (2) selecting information channels in accordance with own prior knowledge; (3) confining the search to the most preferred information channels; (4) searching for signals and quickly responding to them; and (5) interpreting feedback based on socio-cognitive factors. The goal of this process is to discover relevant signals in the form of informational cues about the environment (Fiet 2007). On the lower level of tactics,prescriptive entrepreneurship remains abstract. It offers theoretical notions such as information channels and consideration sets, but it does not provide ways for using them in practice, rendering implementation challenging.