子谦译文｜创业教什么：六种主流创业理论的对比研究(40)

第6个概念维度涉及创业模式的时间性和演变性质。创业是一个动态的过程，需要灵活性和不断的适应性。除了商业计划之外，所有的创业方法都描述了一些模型，这些模型允许创业者以动态和迭代的方式对新的信息和环境条件的变化作出反应。不管这些模型被理解为启发式方法或基于算法的模型，它们都有一个明确的循环和重复的方面，即随着新信息的出现，不断修正假设和重新创造过程。这些方法中提出的模型之间的主要区别是触发流程重新启动的原因。在效果逻辑理论中，当新的利益相关者加入时就会带来一套新的方法，并扩展一套可能的未来，从而重新启动这个流程。在其他迭代模型中，当创业者通过外部资源获得新的信息，或者直觉地认为需要修改关键假设时，就会触发重启。这些方法之间的细微区别是对迭代的强调。精益创业、设计思维和效果逻辑理论从根本上是基于迭代过程，而发现驱动型规划和规范型创业方法包括相对较小的反馈回路，这些回路可能会导致迭代过程，也可能不会。
4.7Stakeholder interaction 利益相关者之间的互动
The seventh conceptual dimension refers to the reliance on interactions with others. While it remains largely under-researched, intersubjectivity has had a central position in thinking about entrepreneurship (Sarasvathy and Venkataraman 2011). Entrepreneurs interact intensively with those who are directly involved in the process in various capacities as well as with more peripheral stakeholders who indirectly impact the direction of the venture creation process (Hart and Sharma 2004). Discovery-driven planning, prescriptive entrepreneurship, and business planning do not provide advice about stakeholder interaction. Instead, they focus on activities to be completed by the focal entrepreneur, that is, the entrepreneur who ownsthe initial idea and process and has the largest impact on the direction of the new venture (cf. Kotha and George 2012).In effectuation, the lean startup methodology and design thinking interactions with stakeholders comprise important sources of feedback and new information (cf. Lundvall 1992; Tunisini and Zanfei 1998). These interactions constitute a large proportion of key activities, especially in the early stages of the new venture development. In the lean startup methodology and designthinking, stakeholders are defined as users, consumers, and customers who provide valuable insights that can be incorporated into and contribute to the evolution of the venture idea. It is noteworthy that these entrepreneurial methods limit the involvemen to fusers and customersto soliciting feedback; in other words, they recommend keeping them at arm’s length. In contrast, effectuation regards stakeholders quite differently. Effectuation scholars define active stakeholders as any individuals who commit resources; these stakeholders are participating in the collective process of shaping the destiny of the new venture.