子谦译文｜创业教什么：六种主流创业理论的对比研究(41)

第七个概念维度是指对与他人互动的依赖。虽然主要研究还不是很充足，但交互主体性在思考创业教育方面已经占据了中心地位。创业者与以各种身份直接参与创业过程的人以及间接影响创业过程方向的外围相关利益者进行了密切的互动。发现驱动型规划、规范性创业方法和商业规划不提供关于利益相关者之间互动的建议，相反，他们关注的是焦点创业者要完成的活动，即拥有最初的想法和过程，对新企业的方向有最大影响的创业者本身。效果逻辑理论、精益创业和设计思维与利益相关者的互动构成了反馈和新信息的重要来源，这些相互作用构成了关键活动的很大一部分，尤其是在新企业发展的早期阶段。在精益创业和设计思维中，利益相关者是指用户、消费者和客户，他们提供了有价值的见解，可以被整合到创业理念中，并对企业发展做出贡献。值得注意的是，这些创业方法仅仅将用户和客户的参与限制在征求反馈阶段，换句话说，他们的建议与他们保持一定的距离。
相比之下，效果逻辑理论对利益相关者的看法则截然不同，效果逻辑理论学者将积极参与塑造新企业命运的集体过程的利益相关者定义为任何投入资源的个体。
4.8Team collaboration 团队合作
The eighth conceptual dimension speaks to the role that individuals with complementary and diverse skill sets play as team members in an entrepreneurial process. Team-based efforts are increasingly emphasized in entrepreneurship research as a means to elicit and capitalizeona larger set of heterogeneous competencies(Klotzet al. 2014; Lechler 2001; Harper 2008). An important difference observed among the methods pertains to ideas about teams. In effectuation, the team boundaries are highly fluid and dynamic. Anyone who commits resources can be considered a team member and can play a role in the future of the venture. The group that forms is referred to as the “network of stakeholders,”which is in many ways similar to what some of the other entrepreneurial methods label as a “team.” Effectuating individuals are difficult to replace, as they have key roles in shaping the direction of the venture. These roles emanate from the idiosyncratic qualities these individuals possess (Sarasvathy and Dew 2005b). Design thinking, the lean startup methodology, and prescriptive entrepreneurship view teams differently. They regard them as a group of individuals with complementary skill sets who become responsible for specific aspects of the venture creation process based on their unique skills (Fiet2008 Brown 2008; Blankand Dorf 2012). Inthese methods, most team members can be replaced by individuals who possess similar competencies. A key difference is that teams are more important in designthinking and less important in prescriptive entrepreneurship and the lean startup methodology. In discoverydriven planning and business planning, no explicit advice on teamwork or on necessity for collective efforts could be identified.