子谦译文｜创业教什么：六种主流创业方法的比较(41)

第七个概念维度是指对与他人互动的依赖。尽管还处于大量研究之中，但创业教育的作用在主体间一直处于中心地位。创业者会经常和那些参加各种活动的人密切互动，而这些人更多的是会间接的影响创业方向的人；发现性驱动计划、规范性创业和商业计划不提供关于利益相关者之间互动的建议，相反，他们关注的焦点是创业者要完成的活动，即拥有初始想法和流程、对新企业的发展方向有最大影响的创业者；效果逻辑、精益创业和设计思维与利益相关者的互动构成了反馈和新信息的重要来源，这些互动占了关键活动的很大一部分比例，尤其是在创业发展的早期阶段；在精益创业和设计思维中，利益相关者是指用户、消费者和提供了有价值的见解的客户，这些见解可以被整合到创业理念中，并对企业发展做出贡献。值得注意的是，这些创业方法仅仅将用户和客户的参与限制在征求反馈阶段，换句话说，他们建议与这些客户保持一定的距离。
相比之下，效果逻辑对利益相关者的看法则截然不同，他们将任何提供资源的个人都称为活跃的利益相关者，他们都是积极参与塑造企业命运的人。
4.8Team collaboration 团队合作
The eighth conceptual dimension speaks to the role that individuals with complementary and diverse skill sets play as team members in an entrepreneurial process. Team-based efforts are increasingly emphasized in entrepreneurship research as a means to elicit and capitalizeona larger set of heterogeneous competencies(Klotzet al. 2014; Lechler 2001; Harper 2008). An important difference observed among the methods pertains to ideas about teams. In effectuation, the team boundaries are highly fluid and dynamic. Anyone who commits resources can be considered a team member and can play a role in the future of the venture. The group that forms is referred to as the “network of stakeholders,”which is in many ways similar to what some of the other entrepreneurial methods label as a “team.” Effectuating individuals are difficult to replace, as they have key roles in shaping the direction of the venture. These roles emanate from the idiosyncratic qualities these individuals possess (Sarasvathy and Dew 2005b). Design thinking, the lean startup methodology, and prescriptive entrepreneurship view teams differently. They regard them as a group of individuals with complementary skill sets who become responsible for specific aspects of the venture creation process based on their unique skills (Fiet2008 Brown 2008; Blankand Dorf 2012). Inthese methods, most team members can be replaced by individuals who possess similar competencies. A key difference is that teams are more important in designthinking and less important in prescriptive entrepreneurship and the lean startup methodology. In discoverydriven planning and business planning, no explicit advice on teamwork or on necessity for collective efforts could be identified.