子谦译文｜第五类（代）创业教育理论：价值创造(29)

马丁·塞利格曼（Seligman）提出了另一个以心理学为基础的价值框架，它包括主观幸福感的五个可测量元素：积极的情绪、参与、关系、意义和成就因素。积极情绪是指由愉快的生活引起的情绪；参与情绪是处于一种“流动”状态，完全沉浸在任务中，忘记了时间；关系因素是与他人分享的有意义的经历，通常是在亲密和长期的关系中；意义因素是为属于并服务于比自我更重要的东西，尽管它有时会对框架中的其他元素产生不利影响；成就因素是指完全为了自己的目标，与框架中其他四个因素的任何最终影响相无关，即仅仅是为了成功而成功。幸福的这五个要素如下表1所示。
Entrepreneurship
创业
Given the centrality of value creation to entrepreneurship (Bruyat & Julien, 2001; Moroz & Hindle, 2012), it is reasonable to expect that all the previously outlined perspectives on value have already been discussed to some extent by entrepreneurship scholars. The most obvious kind of value associated to entrepreneurship would arguably be economic value. Indeed, Korsgaard and Anderson (2011) state that it is even taken for granted in entrepreneurship. Social value is another major theme in entrepreneurship research, illustrated by a focus on social entrepreneurship (Tan et al., 2005). A less obvious value was put forward by Schumpeter (1934) in the early 20th century, proposing the joy of creating to be an important value for people acting entrepreneurially (Goss, 2005). While a quest for harmony through a search for disharmonies in one’s everyday life is perhaps not a common theme in entrepreneurship research, it has been proposed as a useful and theoretically wellgrounded view of entrepreneurship for educational purposes (Thrane et al., 2016). A fame and achievement oriented view of entrepreneurship as societal change through economic or political history-making has also been proposed in an influential book by Spinosa et al. (1999). These five perspectives on entrepreneurship are shown in Table 1 below.